The fifth part of the practical series “Vulnerability Management for Beginners” examines three service-based models that let organizations outsource key tasks instead of building everything in-house: pentest as a service, VM as a service, and bug bounty programs.
Pentest as a Service
Penetration testing simulates an attacker’s attempt to find weaknesses that allow unauthorized actions. Most external pentests follow a black-box approach where testers receive no credentials and must discover entry points the way a real adversary would. Automated scanners rapidly check thousands of hosts for known vulnerabilities, open ports, and version fingerprints, while human teams with certifications such as OSCP combine findings into multi-step attack chains that tools rarely detect.
Automated pentest-as-a-service offerings let companies quickly scan internet-facing assets without deploying their own infrastructure. Customers simply provide IP ranges or domains and prove ownership through domain-registration certificates or signed authorization letters. The provider’s scanners run from external servers and deliver structured reports or API data that can be imported into internal vulnerability-management systems. Limitations include reduced configuration flexibility and the inherent sensitivity of vulnerability data, which must be protected as confidential information.
Market figures show strong growth: the global pentest-as-a-service market reached approximately $1.6 billion in 2024 and continues to expand at roughly 20 percent annually. In Russia the segment also grew by tens of percent in 2025, with several large vendors dominating corporate projects. Tools such as the Russian PT Dephaze platform now provide controlled automated testing that mimics attacker behavior safely.
VM as a Service
Vulnerability Management as a Service extends beyond black-box perimeter scanning by deploying agents or establishing tunnels that allow authenticated, white-box scans of internal assets. This approach produces far more accurate inventories of installed software versions and reduces both missed vulnerabilities and false positives. Results are delivered as reports or API feeds, yet organizations must still maintain internal processes with IT teams to remediate findings within agreed SLAs.
Service customers can define asset criticality, set remediation deadlines, and integrate outputs with patch-management platforms such as Microsoft SCCM or its Russian equivalents. Benefits include rapid deployment, continuous scanner updates handled by the provider, and access to benchmarking data that compares an organization’s remediation speed against industry peers. Risks involve potential data leakage and the need to treat tunnels to internal agents as part of the attack surface.
Prioritization can leverage modern metrics including the fourth version of EPSS, the CISA KEV catalog that now exceeds 1,500 actively exploited vulnerabilities, and the updated FSTEC methodology released on 30 June 2025, which combines CVSS 3.1 base scores with exploit availability and consequence categories.
Bug Bounty Programs
Bug bounty programs invite independent security researchers to examine defined assets in exchange for monetary rewards. Platforms such as HackerOne, Bugcrowd, and Synack manage researcher onboarding, triage, and payments, while Russian platforms Standoff Bug Bounty and BI.ZONE Bug Bounty have become major local players.
In 2025 the two leading Russian platforms received nearly 14,000 vulnerability reports and paid out approximately 260 million rubles. Standoff Bug Bounty alone grew its active programs 2.2 times to 233, registered over 32,000 researchers, and recorded a maximum single payout exceeding 4.9 million rubles. BI.ZONE increased payouts by 50 percent to reach 100 million rubles. Government bodies, including the Ministry of Digital Development, have launched multiple rounds of programs covering systems such as Gosuslugi, while regional administrations and major companies including Sberbank have followed suit.
Successful programs begin in private mode with moderate rewards, clearly defined scope, and established triage workflows. Researchers are incentivized to discover high-impact issues that automated scanners miss, creating a realistic simulation of diverse attacker perspectives. Global payouts underscore the model’s maturity: HackerOne alone distributed about $81 million to researchers between mid-2024 and mid-2025, while Google awarded a record $17 million in 2025.
